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media technology and society northwestern
Childhood obesity
Classification
BMI for age percentiles for boys 2 to 20 years of age.
BMI for age percentiles for girls 2 to 20 years of age.
Body mass index (BMI) is acceptable for determining obesity for children two years of age and older. The normal range for BMI in children vary with age and sex. The Center for Disease Control defines obesity as a BMI greater than the 95th percentile. It has published tables for determining this in children.
Effects on health
The first problems to occur in obese children are usually emotional or psychological. Childhood obesity however can also lead to life-threatening conditions including diabetes, high blood pressure, heart disease, sleep problems, cancer, and other disorders. Some of the other disorders would include liver disease, early puberty or menarche, eating disorders such as anorexia and bulimia, skin infections, and asthma and other respiratory problems. Studies have shown that overweight children are more likely to grow up to be overweight adults. Obesity during adolescence has been found to increase mortality rates during adulthood.
Obese children often suffer from teasing by their peers. Some are harassed or discriminated against by their own family. Stereotypes abound and may lead to low self esteem and depression.
A 2008 study has found that children who are obese have carotid arteries which have prematurely aged by as much as thirty years as well as abnormal levels of cholesterol.
System
Condition
System
Condition
Endocrine
Impaired glucose tolerance
Diabetes mellitus
Metabolic syndrome
Hyperandrogenism
Effects on growth and puberty
Cardiovascular
Hypertension
Hyperlipidemia
Increased risk of coronary heart disease as an adult
Gastroentestinal
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
Cholelithiasis
Respiratory
Obstructive sleep apnea
Obesity hypoventilation syndrome
Musculoskeletal
Slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE)
Tibia vara (Blount disease)
Neurological
Idiopathic intracranial hypertension
Psychosocial
Distorted peer relationships
Poor self esteem
Anxiety
Depression
Skin
Furunculosis
Intertrigo
Causes
As with many conditions, childhood obesity can be brought on by a range of factors which often act in combination.
Dietary
The effects of eating habits on childhood obesity are difficult to determine. A three year randomized controlled study of 1,704 3rd grade children which provided two healthy meals a day in combination with an exercise program and dietary counsellings failed to show a significant reduction in percentage body fat when compared to a control group. This was partly due to the fact the even though the children believed they were eating less their actual calorie consumption did not decrease with the intervention. At the same time observed energy expenditure remained similar between the groups. This occurred even though dietary fat intake decreased from 34% to 27%. A second study of 5,106 children showed similar results. Even though the children eat an improved diet there was no effect found on BMI. Why these studies did not bring about the desired effect of curbing childhood obesity has been attributed to the interventions not being sufficient enough. Changes were made primarily in the school environment while it is felt that they must occur in the home, the community, and the school simultaneously to have a significant effect.
Calorie-rich drinks and foods are readily available to children. Sugar-laden Soft drink consumption may contribute to childhood obesity. In a study of 548 children over a 19 month period the likelihood of obesity increased by 1.6 for every additional soft drink consumed per day.
Calorie-dense, prepared snacks are available in many locations frequented by children. As childhood obesity has become more prevalent, snack vending machines in school settings have been reduced by law in a small number of localities. Eating at fast food restaurants is very common among young people with 75% of 7th to 12th grade students consuming fast food in a given week. Some literature has found a relationship between fat food consumption and obesity. Including a study which found that fast food restaurants near schools increases the risk of obesity among the student population.
Whole milk consumption verses 2% milk consumption in children of one to two years of age had no effect on weight, height, or body fat percentage. Therefore, whole milk continues to be recommended for this age group. However the trend of substituting sweetened drink for milk has been found to lead to excess weight gain.
Sedentary lifestyle
Physical inactivity of children has also shown to be a serious cause, and children who fail to engage in regular physical activity are at greater risk of obesity. Researchers studied the physical activity of 133 children over a three week period using an accelerometer to measure each child’s level of physical activity. They discovered the obese children were 35% less active on school days and 65% less active on weekends compared to non-obese children.
Physical inactivity as a child could result in physical inactivity as an adult. In a fitness survey of 6,000 adults, researchers discovered that 25% of those who were considered active at ages 14 to 19 were also active adults, compared to 2% of those who were inactive at ages 14 to 19, who were now said to be active adults. Staying physically inactive leaves unused energy in the body, most of which is stored as fat. Researchers studied 16 men over a 14 day period and fed them 50% more of their energy required every day through fats and carbohydrates. They discovered that carbohydrate overfeeding produced 7585% excess energy being stored as body fat and fat overfeeding produced 9095% storage of excess energy as body fat.
Many children fail to exercise because they are spending time doing stationary activities such as computer usage, playing video games or watching television. TV and other technology may be large factors of physically inactive children. Researchers provided a technology questionnaire to 4,561 children, ages 14, 16, and 18. They discovered children were 21.5% more likely to be overweight when watching 4+ hours of TV per day, 4.5% more likely to be overweight when using a computer one or more hours per day, and unaffected by potential weight gain from playing video games. A randomized trial showed that reducing TV viewing and computer use can decrease age-adjusted BMI; reduced calorie intake was thought to be the greatest contributor to the BMI decrease.
Technological activities are not the only household influences of childhood obesity. Low-income households can affect a child’s tendency to gain weight. Over a three week period researchers studied the relationship of socioeconomic status (SES) to body composition in 194 children, ages 1112. They measured weight, waist girth, stretch stature, skinfolds, physical activity, TV viewing, and SES; researchers discovered clear SES inclines to upper class children compared to the lower class children.
Genetics
Childhood obesity is often the result of an interplay between many genetic and environmental factors. Polymorphisms in various genes controlling appetite and metabolism predispose individuals to obesity when sufficient calories are present. As such obesity is a major feature of a number of rare genetic conditions that often present in childhood.
Prader-Willi syndrome with an incidence between 1 in 12,000 and 1 in 15,000 live births is characterized by hyperphagia and food preoccupations which leads to rapid weight gain in those affected.
Bardet-Biedl syndrome
MOMO syndrome
Leptin receptor mutations
Congenital leptin deficiency
Melanocortin receptor mutations
In children with early-onset severe obesity (defined by an onset before ten years of age and body mass index over three standard deviations above normal), 7% harbor a single locus mutation. One study found that 80% of the offspring of two obese parents were obese in contrast to less than 10% of the offspring of two parents who were of normal weight. The percentage of obesity that can be attributed to genetics varies from 6% to 85% depending on the population examined.
Home environment
Children’s food choices are also influenced by family meals. Researchers provided a household eating questionnaire to 18,177 children, ranging in ages 1121, and discovered that four out of five parents let their children make their own food decisions. They also discovered that compared to adolescents who ate three or fewer meals per week, those who ate four to five family meals per week were 19% less likely to report poor consumption of vegetables, 22% less likely to report poor consumption of fruits, and 19% less likely to report poor consumption of dairy foods. Adolescents who ate six to seven family meals per week, compared to those who ate three or fewer family meals per week, were 38% less likely to report poor consumption of vegetables, 31% less likely to report poor consumption of fruits, and 27% less likely to report poor consumption of dairy foods. The results of a survey in the UK published in 2010 imply that children raised by their grandparents are more likely to be obese as adults than those raised by their parents.
Developmental factors
Various developmental factors may affects rates of obesity. Breast-feeding for example may protect against obesity in later life with the duration of breast-feeding inversely associated with the risk of being overweight later on. A child’s body growth pattern may influence the tendency to gain weight. Researchers measured the standard deviation (SD [weight and length]) scores in a cohort study of 848 babies. They found that infants who had an SD score above 0.67 had catch up growth (they were less likely to be overweight) compared to infants who had less than a 0.67 SD score (they were more likely to gain weight).
A child’s weight may be influenced when he/she is only an infant. Researchers did a cohort study on 19,397 babies, from their birth until age seven and discovered that fat babies at four months were 1.38 times more likely to be overweight at seven years old compared to normal weight babies. Fat babies at the age of one were 1.17 times more likely to be overweight at age seven compared to normal weight babies.
Medical illness
Cushing’s syndrome (a condition in which the body contains excess amounts of cortisol) may also influence childhood obesity. Researchers analyzed two isoforms (proteins that have the same purpose as other proteins, but are programmed by different genes) in the cells of 16 adults undergoing abdominal surgery. They discovered that one type of isoform created oxo-reductase activity (the alteration of cortisone to cortisol) and this activity increased 127.5 pmol mg sup when the other type of isoform was treated with cortisol and insulin. The activity of the cortisol and insulin can possibly activate Cushing’s syndrome.
Hypothyroidism is a hormonal cause of obesity, but it does not significantly affect obese people who have it more than obese people who do not have it. In a comparison of 108 obese patients with hypothyroidism to 131 obese patients without hypothyroidism, researchers discovered that those with hypothyroidism had only 0.077 points more on the caloric intake scale than did those without hypothyroidism.
Psychological factors
Researchers surveyed 1,520 children, ages 910, with a four year follow up and discovered a positive correlation between obesity and low self esteem in the four year follow up. They also discovered that decreased self esteem led to 19% of obese children feeling sad, 48% of them feeling bored, and 21% of them feeling nervous. In comparison, 8% of normal weight children felt sad, 42% of them felt bored, and 12% of them felt nervous. Stress can influence a child’s eating habits. Researchers tested the stress inventory of 28 college females and discovered that those who were binge eating had a mean of 29.65 points on the perceived stress scale, compared to the control group who had a mean of 15.19 points. This evidence may demonstrate a link between eating and stress.
Feelings of depression can cause a child to overeat. Researchers provided an in-home interview to 9,374 adolescents, in grades seven through 12 and discovered that there was not a direct correlation with children eating in response to depression. Of all the obese adolescents, 8.2% had said to be depressed, compared to 8.9% of the non-obese adolescents who said they were depressed. Antidepressants, however, seem to have very little influence on childhood obesity. Researchers provided a depression questionnaire to 487 overweight/obese subjects and found that 7% of those with low depression symptoms were using antidepressants and had an average BMI score of 44.3, 27% of those with moderate depression symptoms were using antidepressants and had an average BMI score of 44.7, and 31% of those with major depression symptoms were using antidepressants and had an average BMI score of 44.2.
Management
Lifestyle
Exclusive breast-feeding is recommended in all newborn infants for its nutritional and other beneficial effects. It may also protect against obesity in later life.
Medications
There are no medications currently approved for the treatment of obesity in children. Orlistat and sibutramine may however be helpful in managing moderate obesity in adolescence. Sibutramine is approved for adolescents older than 16. It works by altering the brain’s chemistry and decreasing appetite. Orlistat is approved for adolescents older than 12. It works by preventing the absorption of fat in the intestines.
Epidemiology
Prevalence of overweight among children 6 to 19 years in the USA.
10% of children worldwide are either overweight or obese.
Canada
Rates of obesity among Canadian children has increased dramatically in recent years. In boys rates increased from 11% in 1980s to over 30% in 1990s.
Brasil
Rates of obesity in Brazilian children increased from 4% in the 1980s to 14% in the 1990s.
United States
The rate of obesity among children and adolescents in the United States has nearly tripled between the early 1980s and 2000. It has however not changed significantly between 2000 and 2006 with the most recent statistics showing a level just over 17 percent. In 2008, the rate of overweight and obese children in the United States was 32%, and had stopped climbing.
Studies
A study of 1800 children aged 2 to 12 in Colac, Australia tested a program of restricted diet (no carbonated drinks or sweets) and increased exercise. Interim results included a 68% increase in after school activity programs, 21% reduction in television viewing, and an average of 1 kg weight reduction compared to a control group.
A survey carried out by the American Obesity Association into parental attitudes towards their children’s weight showed the majority of parents think that recess should not be reduced or replaced. Almost 30% said that they were concerned with their child’s weight. 35% of parents thought that their child’s school was not teaching them enough about childhood obesity, and over 5% thought that childhood obesity was the greatest risk to their child’s long term health.
A Northwestern University study indicates that inadequate sleep has a negative impact on a child’s performance in school, their emotional and social welfare, and increases their risk of being overweight. This study was the first nationally represented, longitudinal investigation of the correlation between sleep, Body Mass Index (BMI) and overweight status in children between the ages of 3 and 18. The study found that an extra hour of sleep lowered the children’s risk of being overweight from 36% to 30%, while it lessened older children’s risk from 34% to 30%.
References
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^ Bessesen DH (June 2008). “Update on obesity”. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 93 (6): 202734. doi:10.1210/jc.2008-0520. PMID 18539769.
^ Deurenberg P, Weststrate JA, Seidell JC (March 1991). “Body mass index as a measure of body fatness: age- and sex-specific prediction formulas”. Br. J. Nutr. 65 (2): 10514. doi:10.1079/BJN19910073. PMID 2043597. http://journals.cambridge.org/abstract_S0007114591000193.
^ “Healthy Weight: Assessing Your Weight: BMI: About BMI for Children and Teens”. http://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/healthyweight/assessing/bmi/childrens_BMI/about_childrens_BMI.htm.
^ Great Britain Parliament House of Commons Health Committee (May 2004). Obesity – Volume 1 – HCP 23-I, Third Report of session 2003-04. Report, together with formal minutes. London, UK: TSO (The Stationery Office). ISBN 0-21501-737-4. http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200304/cmselect/cmhealth/23/2302.htm. Retrieved 2007-12-17.
^ [dead link]
^ a b Childhood Obesity
^ Childhood obesity: Complications – MayoClinic.com
^ Must A, Jacques PF, Dallal GE, Bajema CJ, Dietz WH (November 1992). “Long-term morbidity and mortality of overweight adolescents. A follow-up of the Harvard Growth Study of 1922 to 1935″. The New England journal of medicine 327 (19): 13505. PMID 1406836.
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^ a b Obesity.Org
^ SRTS Guide: Health Risks
^ “Obese kids have arteries of 45-year-olds: study”. CTV News. http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20081111/kids_arteries_081111/20081111?hub=TopStories. Retrieved 2008-11-11.
^ Cornette R (2008). “The emotional impact of obesity on children”. Worldviews Evid Based Nurs 5 (3): 13641. doi:10.1111/j.1741-6787.2008.00127.x. PMID 19076912.
^ Uptodate.com|http://www.uptodate.com/online/content/topic.do?topicKey=pedigast/13911#25
^ Ebbeling CB, Pawlak DB, Ludwig DS (2002). “Childhood obesity: public-health crisis, common sense cure”. Lancet 360 (9331): 47382. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(02)09678-2. PMID 12241736.
^ Dietz WH (1998). “Health consequences of obesity in youth: childhood predictors of adult disease”. Pediatrics 101 (3 Pt 2): 51825. PMID 12224658.
^ Speiser PW, Rudolf MC, Anhalt H, et al. (2005). “Childhood obesity”. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 90 (3): 187187. doi:10.1210/jc.2004-1389. PMID 15598688.
^ Kimm SY, Obarzanek E (2002). “Childhood obesity: a new pandemic of the new millennium”. Pediatrics 110 (5): 10037. doi:10.1542/peds.110.5.1003. PMID 12415042.
^ Miller J, Rosenbloom A, Silverstein J (2004). “Childhood obesity”. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 89 (9): 42118. doi:10.1210/jc.2004-0284. PMID 15356008.
^ Caballero B, Clay T, Davis SM, et al. (November 2003). “Pathways: a school-based, randomized controlled trial for the prevention of obesity in American Indian schoolchildren”. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 78 (5): 10308. PMID 14594792. http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=14594792.
^ Nader PR, Stone EJ, Lytle LA, et al. (July 1999). “Three-year maintenance of improved diet and physical activity: the CATCH cohort. Child and Adolescent Trial for Cardiovascular Health”. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 153 (7): 695704. PMID 10401802. http://archpedi.ama-assn.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=10401802.
^ a b Kolata,Gina (2007). Rethinking Thin: The new science of weight loss – and the myths and realities of dieting. Picador. ISBN 0-312-42785-9.
^ James J, Kerr D (2005). “Prevention of childhood obesity by reducing soft drinks”. Int J Obes (Lond) 29 Suppl 2: S547. doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0803062. PMID 16385753.
^ French SA, Story M, Neumark-Sztainer D, Fulkerson JA, Hannan P (2001). “Fast food restaurant use among adolescents: associations with nutrient intake, food choices and behavioral and psychosocial variables”. Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord. 25 (12): 182333. doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0801820. PMID 11781764.
^ Thompson OM, Ballew C, Resnicow K, et al. (2004). “Food purchased away from home as a predictor of change in BMI z-score among girls”. Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord. 28 (2): 2829. doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0802538. PMID 14647177.
^ Davis B, Carpenter C (December 2008). “Proximity of Fast-Food Restaurants to Schools and Adolescent Obesity”. Am J Public Health 99: 505. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2008.137638. PMID 19106421.
^ Allen RE, Myers AL (November 2006). “Nutrition in toddlers”. American family physician 74 (9): 152732. PMID 17111891.
^ Ortega FB, Ruiz JR, Castillo MJ, Sjstrm M (2007). “Physical fitness in childhood and adolescence: a powerful marker of health”. Int J Obes (Lond) 23: 111. doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0803774. PMID 18043605.
^ a b Horton TJ, Drougas H, Brachey A, Reed GW, Peters JC, Hill JO (1995). “Fat and carbohydrate overfeeding in humans: different effects on energy storage”. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 62 (1): 1929. PMID 7598063.
^ Epstein LH, Roemmich JN, Robinson JL, et al. (March 2008). “A randomized trial of the effects of reducing television viewing and computer use on body mass index in young children”. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 162 (3): 23945. doi:10.1001/archpediatrics.2007.45. PMID 18316661. PMC 2291289. http://archpedi.ama-assn.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=18316661.
^ Lluch A, Herbeth B, Mjean L, Siest G (2000). “Dietary intakes, eating style and overweight in the Stanislas Family Study”. Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord. 24 (11): 14939. doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0801425. PMID 11126347. http://www.nature.com/ijo/journal/v24/n11/full/0801425a.html.
^ Farooqi S, O’Rahilly S (December 2006). “Genetics of obesity in humans”. Endocr. Rev. 27 (7): 71018. doi:10.1210/er.2006-0040. PMID 17122358. http://edrv.endojournals.org/cgi/content/full/27/7/710.
^ Yang W, Kelly T, He J (2007). “Genetic epidemiology of obesity”. Epidemiol Rev 29: 4961. doi:10.1093/epirev/mxm004. PMID 17566051.
^ Videon TM, Manning CK (2003). “Influences on adolescent eating patterns: the importance of family meals”. J Adolesc Health 32 (5): 36573. doi:10.1016/S1054-139X(02)00711-5. PMID 12729986.
^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/8513112.stm
^ a b c “North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition” (PDF). http://www.naspghan.org/user-assets/Documents/pdf/WG Reports 2008/obesity.pdf.
^ Ong KK, Ahmed ML, Emmett PM, Preece MA, Dunger DB (2000). “Association between postnatal catch-up growth and obesity in childhood: prospective cohort study”. BMJ 320 (7240): 96771. doi:10.1136/bmj.320.7240.967. PMID 10753147.
^ Stettler N, Zemel BS, Kumanyika S, Stallings VA (2002). “Infant weight gain and childhood overweight status in a multicenter, cohort study”. Pediatrics 109 (2): 1949. doi:10.1542/peds.109.2.194. PMID 11826195.
^ Bujalska IJ, Kumar S, Stewart PM (1997). “Does central obesity reflect “Cushing’s disease of the omentum”?”. Lancet 349 (9060): 12103. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(96)11222-8. PMID 9130942.
^ Tagliaferri M, Berselli ME, Cal G, et al. (2001). “Subclinical hypothyroidism in obese patients: relation to resting energy expenditure, serum leptin, body composition, and lipid profile”. Obes. Res. 9 (3): 196201. doi:10.1038/oby.2001.21. PMID 11323445.
^ Strauss RS (2000). “Childhood obesity and self-esteem”. Pediatrics 105 (1): e15. doi:10.1542/peds.105.1.e15. PMID 10617752.
^ Ogg EC, Millar HR, Pusztai EE, Thom AS (1997). “General practice consultation patterns preceding diagnosis of eating disorders”. Int J Eat Disord 22 (1): 8993. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1098-108X(199707)22:1<89::AID-EAT12>3.0.CO;2-D. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1098-108X(199707)22:1<89::AID-EAT12>3.0.CO;2-D. PMID 9140741.
^ Goodman E, Whitaker RC (2002). “A prospective study of the role of depression in the development and persistence of adolescent obesity”. Pediatrics 110 (3): 497504. doi:10.1542/peds.110.3.497. PMID 12205250.
^ Dixon JB, Dixon ME, O’Brien PE (2003). “Depression in association with severe obesity: changes with weight loss”. Arch. Intern. Med. 163 (17): 205865. doi:10.1001/archinte.163.17.2058. PMID 14504119.
^ Childhood obesity: Treatments and drugs – MayoClinic.com
^ Bessesen DH (June 2008). “Update on obesity”. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 93 (6): 202734. doi:10.1210/jc.2008-0520. PMID 18539769.
^ a b Flynn MA, McNeil DA, Maloff B, et al. (February 2006). “Reducing obesity and related chronic disease risk in children and youth: a synthesis of evidence with ‘best practice’ recommendations”. Obes Rev 7 Suppl 1: 766. doi:10.1111/j.1467-789X.2006.00242.x. PMID 16371076.
^ Ogden CL, Carroll MD, Flegal KM (May 2008). “High body mass index for age among US children and adolescents, 2003-2006″. JAMA 299 (20): 24015. doi:10.1001/jama.299.20.2401. PMID 18505949.
^ Ogden CL, Carroll MD, Flegal KM (2008). “High Body Mass Index for Age Among US Children and Adolescents, 2003-2006″. JAMA 229 (20): 24012405. doi:10.1001/jama.299.20.2401. http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/abstract/299/20/2401.
^ U.S. Childhood Obesity Rates Level Off
^ “Obesity study bears fruit”, The Age, 24 August 2006.
^ Survey on parents’ perceptions of their children’s weight, American Obesity Association. August, 2000. Retrieved 2006-11-21
^ Snell, Emily; Adam, Emma K. and Duncan, Greg J. (January/February). “Sleep and the Body Mass Index and Overweight Status of Children and Adolescents”. Child Development (Society for Research in Child Development’s) 78 (1): 30923. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2007.00999.x. PMID 17328707.
External links
Childhood Obesity, The Institute for Good Medicine at the Pennsylvania Medical Society
Common Sense Media Resources
Commercial Alert’s web page on childhood obesity
Study of Breakfast Eating and Income Levels in Preschoolers
Mindless eating Cornell University Food and Brand Lab
Mayo clinic article on preventing childhood obesity
March, Peter. “Fattened statistics”. Social Issues Research Center. http://www.sirc.org/articles/fattened_statistics.shtml. Retrieved 2007-04-21.
Summerfield, Liane M.. “Childhood Obesity”. Education Resources Information Center Clearinghouse on Teacher Education, Washington, DC. http://www.ericdigests.org/pre-9218/obesity.htm. Retrieved 2007-08-04.
Hereditary Obesity
Hereditary Obesity
Obesity gene
Leadership for Healthy Communities – Robert Wood Johnson Foundation
Genetic and hereditary aspect of childhood obesity
Hopson, Krista. “Obesity No. 1 health concern for kids in 2008″. The University Record, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan. http://www.ur.umich.edu/0708/Jul14_08/34.php.
“North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition” (PDF). http://www.naspghan.org/user-assets/Documents/pdf/WG Reports 2008/obesity.pdf.
Fiore, Kristina. “Overweight and Obesity in Kids Underdiagnosed”. http://www.medpagetoday.com/Pediatrics/Obesity/12307.
v d e
Nutrition disorders (E40-68, 260-269)
Hypoalimentation/
malnutrition
Protein-energy
malnutrition
Kwashiorkor Marasmus Catabolysis
Avitaminosis
B vitamins
B1: Beriberi/Wernicke’s encephalopathy(Thiamine deficiency) B2: Ariboflavinosis B3: Pellagra(Niacin deficiency) B6: Pyridoxine deficiency B7: Biotin deficiency B9: Folate deficiency B12: Vitamin B12 deficiency
Other
vitamins
A: Vitamin A deficiency/Bitot’s spots C: Scurvy D: Hypovitaminosis D/Rickets/Osteomalacia E: Vitamin E deficiency K: Vitamin K deficiency
Mineral
deficiency
Zinc Iron Magnesium Chromium Selenium (Keshan disease) Manganese Molybdenum Copper Calcium Potassium
Hyperalimentation
Overweight Obesity
Childhood obesity Obesity hypoventilation syndrome Abdominal obesity
Vitamin poisoning
Hypervitaminosis A Hypervitaminosis D Hypervitaminosis E
Mineral overload
see inborn errors of metal metabolism, toxicity
nutrition navs: disorders, symptoms+signs/eponymous
Categories: Childhood | Obesity | Metabolic disorders | Nutrition | Bariatrics | Body shape | PediatricsHidden categories: All articles with dead external links | Articles with dead external links from March 2008 | Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages
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KIKE CALVO photo illustrations FREAKLANCES Collection – Freaklance Fausto with bike graphic tablet and keyword – Coffee Gift Baskets – Coffee Gift Basket $44.99 Freaklance Fausto with bike graphic tablet and keyword Coffee Gift Basket is measuring 9x9x4. Contains 15oz mug, BONUS free set of 4 coasters, biscotti and 5 blends of gourmet coffee. French Vanilla, Kenya AA, Decaf Colombian Supremo, Chocolate and Italian Roast Espresso elegantly presented in our signature black planet coffee gift box. A very nice and thoughtful gift for any occasion…. |
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Betty Lous Organic Harmony Hippy Happy Apple Bar Case Pack 24 – 683021 $116.33 1.75 oz bar. Vegan. USDA organic. Ingredients: organic apple cinnamon granola [organic oats, organic maple syrup, organic oat flour, organic crisped rice (organic brown rice, malt syrup - GF, sea salt), organic brown rice syrup, organic walnuts, organic sunflower seeds, organic expeller pressed high oleic sunflower oil, organic unsulfured dried apples, organic cinnamon, organic vanilla, sea salt],… |
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Flexees Women’s Instant Slimmer Lace Trim Body Briefer #5356 $55.00 You will be in good shape once you get your hands on our Flexees® Ultimate Slimmer Body Briefer with Lace! Offers maximum controlAll over control and supportLace adds a touch of femininitySlims and flattens the tummyTake inches off instantlyProvides full coverage in rearUltra firm controlFabric Content: Front & Back panel: 65% Nylon, 35% ElastaneFront Panel: 88% Nylon, 12% ElastaneInner… |
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Maidenform Lilyette® Absolute Solution Lightly Lined Bra $34.00 Lilyette® has designed a bra that delivers the absolute solution for a full figure woman into one pad! Our Lilyette® Absolute Solution Lightly Lined Bra is the single bra that will supply you with modesty, lift, and shape!3 section cup each with a different benefit: Lift, Modesty and ShapingOffers full supportSoft fabricationPads are designed to leave you feeling confident and comfortableDeliv… |
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Lilyette Women’s Minimizer Sew-Free Underwire Bra #921 $32.00 Our Lilyette® Sew-Free Tailored Minimizer with Embroidery is the ultimate Minimizer®as it offers both femininity and functionality! Minimizes size – not shape Soft and comfortableBeautiful sew-free designProvides uplift shapingOpaque coverageSmooth backFeminine embroideryFabric ContentCups: 88% TACTEL® Nylon, 12% Lycra ElastaneBacks: 78% Nylon, 22% Lycra®ElastaneExclusive of De… |
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Tiger Balm Analgesic Tiger Muscle Rub … |
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Gecko Nasal Pad – Large, 4.12 Long $24.80 The Gecko Nasal Pad (formerly the Sleep Comfort Care Pad by Sequal) is intended for patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) who experience pain and discomfort on or around the bridge of their nose associated with using nasal or full face masks. The pad acts as a cushion between the patient’s face and mask, and is simply placed across the bridge of the nose under the mask. The protective polyme… |
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Pureology Hydrate Conditioner 8.5 oz. $21.95 You can feel this premium conditioner working to moisturize, detangle and lock in colour. Multiweight Protein Complex, jojoba and shea butter impart excellent lubricity and liveliness to your hair. Contains an invigorating infusion of peppermint oils…. |
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KONNET iCrado Original, Stylish Metal Charging Dock / Cradle / Stand for iPhone, iPhone 3G, 3GS and iPod (Black) The KONNET iCrado is an easy to install cradle for your iPhone or iPod. With its unique distinctive design, it demonstrates the userâs personal style. The front is designed with a wide opening to give users the quick convenience of charging the iPhone or iPod without removing the protective case. The iCrado has a dedicated port to fit the Appleâs 30-pin USB cable to charge and sync the i… |
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HYUNDAI SANTA FE 2010-2012 SUV Trucks Auto Center Armrest Console Cover Center Armrest covers protect, renew and add comfort to the center console of your vehicle. This cover fits a 2010-2012 HYUNDAI SANTA FE. Picture shown is of an example of our product on a center armrest. Cover is made from a fleece fabric and is machine washable… |
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TOYOTA CAMRY 2000-2002 Car (not pictured) SUV Truck Van Auto Center Armrest Console Cover Center Armrest covers protect, renew and add comfort to the center console of your vehicle. This cover fits a 2000-2002 TOYOTA CAMRY. Picture shown is not of your vehicle but an example of our product on a center armrest. Cover is made from a fleece fabric and is machine wasable… |
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The Sims 3: Outdoor Living Stuff $10.00 For the first time ever, your Sims can get the best in outdoor luxury for their homes. Whether they’re decorating the perfect patio, setting the mood with a cool new hot tub, or firing up a state-of-the-art grill for the ultimate BBQ, your Sims’ outdoor decor is getting a boost. Give your Sims everything they need for a stylish and comfortable outdoor living space with The Sims 3 Outdoor Living!Fe… |
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Adobe Photoshop Elements 8 -Old Version $56.00 Adobe Photoshop Elements 8 software combines power and simplicity so you can make your photos look extraordinary, share your life stories in unique print creations and web experiences, and easily manage and protect all your photos and video clips…. |
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Photo Explosion Deluxe 3.0 $7.68 Photo Explosion® Deluxe made history as the first software of its kind to deliver powerful editing features spectacular special effects and professional-quality photo projects all together in one program. Now Photo Explosion Deluxe 3.0 makes digital photography even easier. And it s packed with exciting new features all designed to let you get the most out of your digital camera.System Require… |
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Scarface – Vinyl Wall Decals Murals Stickers Art Graphic – 44H x29W – by üBer Decals Better than wallpaper, wall stickers are a perfect way to decorate your room and express yourself. They are a fun, easy and removable decor solution. These stickers are pre-cut and will only take you several minutes to apply on any surface – walls, doors, windows, and more. Each of our designs come with easy instructions to follow. This is an original design from uBer Decals. All other sellers are… |
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Swirly Tree 3 – Vinyl Wall Decals Murals Stickers Art Graphic – 45H x56W – by üBer Decals Better than wallpaper, wall stickers are a perfect way to decorate your room and express yourself. They are a fun, easy and removable decor solution. These stickers are pre-cut and will only take you several minutes to apply on any surface – walls, doors, windows, and more. Each of our designs come with easy instructions to follow. This is an original design from uBer Decals. All other sellers are… |
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Modern Floral Bird – Vinyl Wall Decals Murals Stickers Art Graphic – 46H x29W – by üBer Decals Better than wallpaper, wall stickers are a perfect way to decorate your room and express yourself. They are a fun, easy and removable decor solution. These stickers are pre-cut and will only take you several minutes to apply on any surface – walls, doors, windows, and more. Each of our designs come with easy instructions to follow. This is an original design from uBer Decals. All other sellers are… |
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Sony ICF-C05iP Clock Radio for iPod (Black) $39.95 With the Sony ICFC05iPBLK Clock Radio you can charge your iPod’s battery while you sleep. This Sony ICFC05iPBLK Clock Radio is the space-saving bedside accessory for iPod® and iPhone® users. Set the alarm to wake to the radio, iPod®, or a buzzer. The charging tray ensures both you and your iPod/iPhone® start the day with a fully charged battery. Plus, The Sony ICFC05iPBLK Clock Radio features … |
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Kuzy® – AQUA BLUE Keyboard Silicone Cover Skin for Macbook / Macbook Pro 13 15 17 Aluminum Unibody $1.00 Dress up your MacBook Pro in fashionable color, silicone protection now. *** Will Not fit MacBook Air 11″ ***… |
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Sharp LC60LE835U Quattron 60-inch 1080p 240 Hz 3D LED-LCD HDTV, Black With the introduction of the LE835 Series 3DTV, Sharp once again reinforces its leadership in LCD and LED technology. Sharp’s proprietary QuattronTM System produces the brightest 3DTV images with reduced “crosstalk blurs” and Spacious 3D Sound to complete the 3D experience. Additionally, the proprietary AQUOS LED system comprised of the X-Gen LCD panel and UltraBrilliant LED, with a newly enhanced… |
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The Ultimate Library…10,000 Books on Cd-rom This 4 CD-ROM set includes: Volume One Volume Two |
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Power Game Pack (featuring Super Show & Go) $24.91 Includes 250 games – nonstop Arcade Action puts you in the game! Categories: Best Games, Action/Arcade, Card & Dice; Board Games; Strategy; Screen Effects – and many more!… |
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SE Glow-in-the-Dark Brass Compass $1.50 Night Hike? Go ahead. If you’ve got your glow-in-the-dark compass with you, you can find your way back without having to grope around trying to feel the moss on the north side of the trees. In brass, 2″ dia x 1/2″ thick, with a bezel with 2-degree increments and a 13/16″ dia hook on top…. |
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