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the ovary and ovulation Manuplation
Ovarian function and early development ambryonic
Presentation Abstract:
Ovulation, the process and mechanism was discussed (Wani, 1996). Here we discuss recent progress in the process of ovulation. These include ovarian angiogenesis and basic training corpus luteum Corpura biochemical, embryonic development blocks that hinder embryonic development beyond the 8-cell stage in the past has been more than ComEd. How was it disussed. Breakthrough and terms used in the literature as gap junctions and formation blastocal actiation genome is pre-implantation embryos xaplained and biochemical characteristics was discussed, but the morphological features shown in a biosafety embryos Othe chapter, and factors of early pregnancy are reviewed in this chapter.
The use of dewormers and Benacil tetramisole orally the results of toxicity during pregnancy. The embryo was 100% for 9-18 days post coitus and abnormal sheep to sheep dosed during pregnancy ranging from 34 to 57% (Grunzhinskas, 1984).
1.1 The angiogenesis Ovarian
Angiogenesis is a process of vascular growth. ovarian angiogenesis increases new blood vessels in the ovary. Nutrients and hormones to the follicles. Thus angiogenesis promotes follicular growth and the formation of corpusluteum (Tamanini and Ambrogi, 2004). developing follicles have endothelial cells. Form a network in the theca layer. Growth factors, mainly produced by cells that granulosa VEGE (vascular endothelial growth factor) and growth factor bFGF (basic fibroblast) to act as incentives for promoting growth follicle and the formation of the antrum (Ziecik 2004, Xiao et al, 2001).
After ovulation, formation of new blood vessels between the membrane between theca and basal layers of granulosa cells and growing rapidly to form the corpus luteum. Growth luteal angiogenesis and vascular changes and corpusluteum angioregression determine growth and regression. Thus, improvement in the future development angiogenic ovaries may be useful for reproductive performance (Tamanini and Ambrogi, 2004).
These hemodynamic changes in the walls of ovarian luteal and societies studied color Doppler ultrasound. Blood flow is evaluated (Acosta and Miyamoto, 2004). This confirms our previous studies using laparoscopy for ovulation (Wani and Sahni, 1988, Wani, 1989 Sharief, 2000).
Block 1.2 embryos
embryos blocks the action of antibodies and becomes a homograph and not a heterograph, eight-block block cell embryo was common in the embryonic development of mammals. embryos of sheep and goats are also with this block. Development beyond 8 cells in vitro is diffcult. The use of special means to overcome this problem of developing embryos Block 8-cell is exceeded by growth factors coding in the culture media. The HB-EGF (epidermal growth factor growth factor heparin-binding) improves the 8-cell embryonic blastocyst stage. This factor is of great help in the development of the preimplantation embryo. (Tamada et al, 1999). embryo is placed in direct contact with the uterine lining for a short period and thus, indirectly, nourished by the placenta through the umbilical cord. Is protected in a chamber protected immunologically the amniotic sac. Feotal development and biochemical constituents of fluids and fetal morphology evolution observed in our studies are published. (Mufti 1996, Al Mufti et al, 2000), Wani, 2004, 2005}. Embryonic development can be seen in images of the site well. The first cells embryonic mesoderm called somites differntiatic myoblasts, resulting in muscle and skeletal tissue. Various factors (MRI Muscle} regulators determine fetal muscle growth and claimed to be used in future research. Their operation would be lambs muscle birth. (Wani, 2001). Many advanced topics in myoblasts. Determination of flow have been documented. Huskey, 2001. (Robert.J.Huskey, the flux determination myoblasts interent explorer Huskey, RJ 2001). Determination of myoblast stream Microsoft. Internet Explorer.
Tight junctions prevent the movement ions and water between cells and Na / K pumps to move the center of the blastocyst resulting difflections osmotic pressure for the formation of the blastocoel. Results plasminogen activator and the enzymatic digestion of the zona pellucida, during this process. (Embryos Www.wisc.Edie/ansici-repro/Lec-18 block or sheep Metacrawler Microsoft Internet Explorer).
1.3 The activation of the genome
Activation is detected by the embryo pronuclear formation division, blastula. The addition of vitamins during oocyte maturation using post blastulation and viability of the embryo (Bormann et al, 2003). Pregnancy associated glycoproteins (PAGS) are synthetic antigens in the ruminant trophoblast. Fall in maternal blood and thus, pregnancy early sign (Wani, 2005).
In vitro growth of granulosa cell complexes isolated from cryopreserved ovine ovarian reported (Newton et al, 1999). These cells have a capacity production of inhibin with FSH immunereactive (Compello et al, 1996). The gene for ovine Booroola fecundity (Fec B) was also widely known markers associated with a region of chromosome 4q man. This research links the reproductive sheep or goats to improve or control reproduction in humans. Factor VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor), characterized and expressed in ovine corpus luteum could be immense "touch healer "value if the innovation to repair injuries. ovine FSH is a value in long-term development in the cover contraceptive vaccine (Redmer et al, 1996).
1.4 Network Junction
Mammalian oocytes are surrounded by follicular cells. A communication system between cells oocyte and follicle. This communication system is called away from network connections. This system allows the transfer of nutrients and the signals between cells and follicular oocytes. The proteins of the connexin family of these blocks are built. The oogenesis, follicle activation leads overridingly and subsequent ovulation is the result of these and other factors from other proteins. They are the recipients e-kit, transforming growth factor beta (TGF beta) and bone morphogenetic proteins. Morphological changes in the result of structural rearrangements in oocytes. They produce energy. Increased energy facilitates the development of oocytes and ultimately determine its ability and competence for master and ovulation (Fair, 2003).
recognition during pregnancy 12/22 days for sheep and goats is 15-21 on the interferon type I interferon tau members. It is the first protein secreted by design trophoectoderm ruminants. Blocking the mechanism of the uterus luteolytic and is responsible for the support of the corpus luteum during the days of early pregnancy. It acts on the uterine epithelial cells by suppressing their ability transcribing gene spread or activation of estrogen receptors or oxytocin. It also induces several proteins responsible for embryo implantation.
1.5 The implementation of the nutrition of the embryo
The most important nutrients required by the development the preimplantation embryo are carbohydrates that mammals provide energy Anino acid. Also, avoid cell stress. Quantification of metabolism Energy embryo is therefore necessary. An attempt in this direction has been shown in the figures. (Jamada, 1998).
The evaluation method the viability of the preimplantation embryo to the art of self-electrophysiological refrencing possible. This is a non-invasive. The technique measures the gradient of calcium, potassium, oxygen and hydrogen Hydrogen (Gardner, 1998).
Protein, prostaglandins and steroid synthesis in the endometrium and cotyledons intercaruncular sheep was estimated. It was determined that attachment occurs around 15-16 days, however, was not confirmed by our recent study (Wani et al 2996, 2007) (Findly et al, vitro and invivo compare embryonic development in ruminants is possible by means of immunohistochemistry, confocal laser scanning fluorescence miscroscopy and techniques. By combining these techniques has been demonstrated that:
1. activation of RNA genes is similar
2. Embryonal nuclear is similar.
However, the embryo produced by nuclear transfer is associated with increased apoptosis in the inner cell mass of the blastocyst. In addition to embryos produced in vitro by nuclear transfer or otherwise combined mixoploidy. Haploid embryos mixoploidy polyploidy media or abnormal cells in most normal diploid cells. (Cinobell et al, 2003).
Laparoscopy in sheep and goats was used for detection ovulation, embryo aspiration and the diagnosis of pregnancy. (Wani, Wani Buchoo 1982 and 1990, 1997, 2000) embryos recovered by laparoscopic the Boer goat has increased by 62% and were economically viable. (Besenfeld et al 1994), "
1.6 Biosafety and embryos and the risk of disease
Scrapie, a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy in sheep and goats is widespread among sheep populations in many European countries. It is well known that susceptibility to scrapie is determined genetically, the genetic selection programs aimed at providing scrapie-resistant flocks have been established – (SIPOS et al, 2002).
The pregnant endometrium secretes a series neutral to acidic proteins are, in part, histotroph. Transport protein for vitamin A, RBP was identified in cultures conditioned endometrial on days 13-21 of gestation. The endometrium is the only source of retinol in embryonic tissues. The PER of the uterus appears to transport retinol level local embryonic tissues. The endometrial RBP secretion of goats on days 13, 15 and 21 of pregnancy suggested that retinol plays a role important in the development of the embryo during early pregnancy periattachment – (Lue et al, 2002) (Young et al, 2000, 2004).
goat oviduct cells epithelial (COEC) are commonly used in protocols for in vitro production of goat embryos to stimulate early embryonic development. These cells feeders are usually collected in slaughterhouses know the HIV status of animals. In many areas, resource issues may be contaminated with CEV (virus arthritis in goats), CAEV (caprine encephalitis virus arthritis) and use this material in vitro fertilization systems can contribute to this pathogen transmission to embryos in culture and dissemination via embryo transfer (ET). Using systems of in vitro fertilization coculture feeder cell that support replication of CAEV effective (virus encephalitis caprine arthritis) with high titers may represent a serious risk for permanent transmission of the virus in cultured embryos and surrogate mother that – (Lamara et al, 2002).
1.7 Factors of early pregnancy
Pregnancy – associated glycoproteins (PAG) are antigens synthesized in the layers surface of trophoblast ruminants. Initially, we identified two proteins that differ in maternal blood (where they have applications in the diagnosis + PAG of pregnancy or as ligands for the LH receptor (pag2). In this study, double radial immunodiffusion was used to test the ability of antisera against different PAG molecules (bovine, ovine and caprine) to react with extracts of placenta of ruminants (rabbit, cat, mouse, pig and wild boar) and ruminants (cow, sheep, goat) placenta extracts nonrumiants all the evidence, except rabbit anti react with the species veal. Pag2 (anti-boPAG2). Extracts of ruminant placenta reacted with different antisera, confirming the expression of different molecules PAG. Depending on when the placentas were collected (early or middle pregnancy), the reaction varies in thickness, position and number of precipitation lines, suggesting that PAG expression varies as pregnancy progresses. Bos indicus and Bos taurus placental extracts exhibited different reactions anti-boPAG2, one precipitation line in the first case and two lines in the second. This suggests differential expression boPAG2related glycoproteins in these two subspecies – (EL-Amivi, et al, 2003).
References for a detailed study
Acosta TJ, Miyamoto A. 2004 Vascular control of ovarian function: ovulation, corpus luteum formation and regression. Science of animal reproduction. 82/83: 127-140
Argov, N. and Sklan, D. 2004 The expression of mRNA the lipoprotein receptor related protein 8, receptor low density lipoprotein receptor and high density lipoprotein very low in bovine ovarian cells during follicular development and corpus luteum formation and regression. Molecular Reproduction and development. 68 (2): 169-175
Bormann, CL; Ongeri, EM, and Krishan, RL2003 The effect of vitamins during oocyte maturation goats on the development potential subsequent in vitro. Theriogenology. 59 (5 / 6) :1373-1380
Battye, KM, AJ, O-Neill-Co. and Evans, G. 1991, production of platelet activating factor by the sheep embryo pre-implantation. Journal of reproduction and fertility. 93 (2) :507-514
Buchoo, BA and Wani, MM (1991). The induction estrus in anestrous Corriedale ewes. J. Indian science Anim 60 (4) :407-408.
Campbell BK, Telfer EE, Webb, R. and Baird DT 2000 Ovarian autographs in sheep and Molecular and Cell :131-139 Endocrinology.163
Campbell, BK and Baird DT 2001 Inhibin is a marker of FSH-granulosa differentiation response actions cells has both autocrine and paracrine in sheep. Journal of Endocrinology. 169: 333-345
Campbell BK, Webb R, Dobson, H. Dobersen Ka and C. 2003 Reproduction domestic ruminants. Symposium on reproduction in domestic ruminants bheld Crieff, Scotland – UK August 2003 PP 103-116. Supplement Series reproduction. 61:103-116
Evans, AC2003 Features ovarian follicle development in domestic animals. Reprod. Households. Anim. 38 (4) :240-6
Sousa, MEPS, El-Amri, Mecif B, K; Desbuleux, M, Banga-Mboko, H. and Beckers, JF 2003 immunodoublediffusion radio as a tool to identify pregnancy-associated glycoprotein in the placenta of ruminants and non ruminants. Theriogenology. 59 (5 / 6) :1291-1301
Fair T. 2003 Follicular oocyte growth and acquisition of building building. Science of animal reproduction. 78 (4.3): 203-216
Fakowska, Podstawka, M, Wrona, Z. and Krakowski, L. 2002 biological function of tau interferon. Medycyna Weterynaryjna. 58 (8) :568-571
Findlay, JK, Ackland N, Burton, DR, Davis, AJ, Walker, FMM, Walters, DE, Heap, RB1981 proteins, prostaglandins and synthesis of steroids in the endometrium and cotyledons intercaruncular sheep before implantation. Journal of reproduction and fertility. 62 (2) :361-377
Gardner, DK1998 changing needs and utilization of nutrients during the preimplantation development mammalian embryo and its importance in growing embryos. Theriogenology. 49 (1) :83-102
Gruzhinskas, VA 1984 Effect of anthelmintics and Benacil tetramisole in the prenatal and postnatal development (sheep, pigs, cows, horses). Veterinariya-Moscow, USSR. (11) :61-62
Juengel JL, Nett TM, Anthony, RV and Niswender, GD 1997 … expression mRNA encoding the receptor insulin-like growth factor 1 and growth hormone in sheep .. J.Reprod.Fertil.
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Kawate, N, N Morita, M Tsuji, H Tamada, Inaba, T. and characteristics T.2000 Sawada pulsatile release of LH in the development and maintenance of corpus luteum function in goats. Theriogenology. 54 (7) :1133-1143
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